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Graphite materials and properties

Graphite materials and properties

High Temperature Resistance｜Lubricity｜Conductivity｜Thermal Conductivity｜Coatability｜Malleability｜Chemical Stability｜Corrosion Resistance

Graphite is one of the crystalline minerals of carbon, and, like diamond, is a homogenous polymorph of carbon.
It has a Mohs hardness of 1-2, a specific gravity of 2.2-2.3, and a bulk density generally ranging from 1.5-1.8.
Widely used in metallurgy, chemical industry, petrochemical industry, high-energy physics, aerospace, electronics, and more.

  1. High Temperature and Special Thermal Properties:
    With a melting point of 3850±50°C and a boiling point of 4250°C, even after exposure to ultra-high temperature arc burning, the weight loss is minimal. Additionally, its coefficient of thermal expansion is very small, only 1.2 *10¯6 I/°C. Therefore, during rapid temperature changes, there is little change in volume, exhibiting excellent resistance to thermal shock. The strength of graphite increases with temperature, doubling at 2000°C.

  2. Outstanding Conductivity and Thermal Conductivity:
    Graphite has high thermal and electrical conductivity. Its electrical conductivity is four times higher than that of stainless steel, twice that of carbon steel, and 100 times higher than typical non-metals. Its thermal conductivity not only exceeds that of metals like steel, iron, and lead but also decreases with increasing temperature. At extremely high temperatures, graphite tends toward an almost insulating state. Hence, graphite has reliable insulating properties under ultra-high temperature conditions.

  3. Lubricity:
    The lubricating performance of graphite depends on the size of the graphite flakes. Larger flakes result in a smaller friction coefficient and better lubricating performance. It exhibits excellent wear resistance in gases, liquids, soft materials, or crystalline substances, and its lubricating performance is not affected by temperature.

  4. Chemical Stability:
    Graphite exhibits good chemical stability at room temperature, with resistance to corrosion from acids, alkalis, and organic solvents. Its chemical stability is temperature-dependent, and the oxidation rate of graphite is minimal at low temperatures. It starts to oxidize at 400°C, and the oxidation rate increases with temperature. Therefore, the operating temperature of graphite products in air should not exceed 500°C.

  5. Coatability and Malleability:
    Graphite adheres firmly to solid surfaces and is not easily detached. The smaller the particle size, the stronger the adhesion. Additionally, graphite has good malleability and toughness, forming very thin flakes and being processed into complex shapes.

Industries Using Graphite

(1) High-Temperature Furnaces  (2) Semiconductor Industry  (3) Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)  (4) Mechanical Engineering  (5) Metal Industry  (6) Automotive Industry  (7) Petrochemical Industry

Material Representations of Characteristics

Graphite Models Volume Density Stress Strength Mohs Hardness Rockwell Hardness Resistivity Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Thermal Conductivity Ash Content Applications
mg/m3 MPa Shore hardness Rockwell hardness µΩ-m 10-6/K W/(m･K) ppm 　
R6510P20 1.83 60 　 85 13 4.2 105 ≦20 Epitaxy, Wafer process
R6650P20 1.84 65 　 95 14 4.1 95 ≦20 heat field, Heater
R6710P20 1.88 85 　 105 14 4.7 110 ≦20 Epitaxy, Ion implantation
IGS743KII 1.8 54 60 　 12.5 4.8 128 ≦20 Epitaxy, Wafer process
IGS744KII 1.86 59 64 　 11 4.8 140 ≦20 heat field, Heater
IGS844KII 1.85 60 75 　 17 5.4 80 ≦20 Ion implantation

※ The table above shows sample test values and is not guaranteed.

Composition Table of Purified Graphite

Elements Content Measurement Method
Ultra-High Purity Graphite High Purity Graphite
Al N/A N/A ICP
B 0.9 0.7 ICP
Ca 0.05 N/A ICP
Cr N/A N/A ICP
Cu N/A N/A ICP
Fe 0.05 N/A ICP
K N/A N/A AAS
Mg N/A N/A ICP
Mn N/A N/A ICP
Na N/A N/A AAS
Ni N/A N/A AAS
Si 0.2 N/A ICP
Ti N/A N/A ICP
V N/A N/A ICP

※ Unit: ppm by mass
※ The table above shows sample test values and is not guaranteed.
※ N/A: Not detected or beyond the detection limit
※ ICP: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
※ AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

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